INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

Logic circuits tend to do sudden switching (an ideal logic circuit would switch from low voltage to high voltage instantaneously, with no middle voltage ever observable). So logic circuit boards often have a decoupling capacitor between power supply and ground right next to each logic IC. These capacitors decouple every IC from every other IC in terms of supply voltage dips.IC-1 is a fixed output positive three terminal regulator whereas IC-2 is fixed output neagtive three terminal regulator.A monolithic integrated circuit (also known as IC, microcircuit, microchip, silicon chip, computer chip or chip) is a miniaturized electronic circuit (consisting mainly of semiconductor devices, as well as passive components) that has been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor materia .A hybrid integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit constructed of individual semiconductor devices, as well as passive components, bonded to a substrate or circuit board.This article is about monolithic integrated circuits.

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

A rectifier is an electrical device, which converts alternating current to direct current, a process known as rectification. Rectifiers are used as components of power supplies and asdetectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be made of solid state diodes,vacuum tube diodes, mercury arc valves, and other technologies.
Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to DC, and is more efficient. However, in a circuit with a non-center tapped transformer, four rectifiers are required instead of the one needed for half-wave rectification. This is due to each output polarity requiring 2 rectifiers each, for example, one for when AC terminal 'X' is positive and one for when AC terminal 'Y' is positive. The other DC output requires exactly the same, resulting in four individual junctions (See semiconductors/diode). Four rectifiers arranged this way are called a bridge rectifier:A full wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output by reversing the negative (or positive) portions of the alternating current waveform. The positive (negative) portions thus combine with the reversed negative (positive) portions to produce an entirely positive (negative) voltage/current waveform.
For single phase AC, if the AC is center-tapped, then two diodes back-to-back (i.e. anodes-to-anode or cathode-to-cathode) form a full wave rectifier.
The electrolytic capacitor C1 and C2 providing the filtering action .V

Here link: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9